Contractor Drilling with Pounder II

Project Manager Dr Richard Carter, Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield University at Silsoe.This report contributes to the findings, implications, and future plans of a project, initiated by Cranfield University (Silsoe, UK) entitled “Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling”.The project was funded by DFID from July 1998 to June 2001, with additional funding partners (Government of Uganda, DANIDA, SIDA, UNICEF, Water Aid, and an anonymous donor) joining at various stages throughout this three-year period

Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling.

Project Manager Dr Richard Carter, Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield University at Silsoe.This report contributes to the findings, implications, and future plans of a project, initiated by Cranfield University (Silsoe, UK) entitled “Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling”.The project was funded by DFID from July 1998 to June 2001, with additional funding partners (Government of Uganda, DANIDA, SIDA, UNICEF, Water Aid, and an anonymous donor) joining at various stages throughout this three-year period

Resident Impacts of Immigration: Perspectives from America’s Age of Mass Migration

Elementary economic models are often used to suggest that immigration depresses the wages of native-born workers. These models assume that when immigrants enter a labour market, all other features of that market remain unchanged. Such an assumption is almost never valid. Here we explore the economic impacts of immigrants during America’s Age of Mass Migration a century ago. This was a period of dynamic structural change that witnessed the appearance of new industries, adoption of new technologies, discovery of new mineral resources, the rise of big business, and the geographic concentration of industries. We show that immigrants – and residents – selected destinations where labour demand and wages were rising. Thus, native workers experienced wage increases in the presence of heavy immigration. Models that abstract from the special characteristics of labour markets that attract immigrants misrepresent their economic impact.Immigration, Internal migration, Economic history of immigration, Counterfactual analysis

Targeting Appropriate Interventions to Minimize Deterioration of Drinking-water Quality in Developing Countries

In developing countries, it has been observed that drinking-water frequently becomes recontaminated following its collection and during storage in the home. This paper proposes a semi-quantified ‘disease risk index' (DRI) designed to identify communities or households that are ‘most at risk' from consuming recontaminated drinking-water. A brief review of appropriate physical and educational intervention measures is presented, and their effective use is discussed. It is concluded that incorporating a simple appraisal tool, such as the proposed DRI, into a community water-supply programme would be useful in shaping the overall strategy requiring only a minimum of organizational learning

Towards appropriate sanitary inspection tools for self supply systems in developing countries

The assessment criteria in many of the available examples of standard sanitary inspection tools are scored on a two-way ‘yes or no’ answer. The possibility of variations between the set out criteria in the forms and the observed sanitary faults are not provided for within the two-way answer system. The use of this type of scoring system may therefore either exaggerate or underplay particular risk factors. Onsite sanitary inspection of urban self supply wells was conducted in Abeokuta, Nigeria. The survey included the inspection of system operations and maintenance, to evaluate systems adequacy for safe water supply. This paper captures the inspection process. It explains the need for moderation of standard sanitary inspection forms to suit the peculiarities of urban self supply wells. The paper introduced a new scoring method and suggests appropriate sanitary survey format for self supply hand dug wells

Achieving a lasting impact in rural water services: a case study from south-west Uganda

The achievement of lasting beneficial impacts through rural water supply services has been elusive. In too many cases significant effort and investment has been devoted to providing a service, but after a few years (or even a few months) the system breaks down and no longer provides a useful service to the community. Much thought has gone into the question of what is required to bring about sustainable services, but there remain missing dimensions in much of the existing literature and practice. This paper describes a small research project, focused on one long-term rural water and sanitation programme in south-west Uganda, which specifically addresses the question of sustainability. The paper outlines the research aims and methodology, and presents part of the conceptual thinking derived from literature and key-informant interviews. Field work is on-going at the time of writing, but will be completed in time for oral presentation at the conference

Technology transfer for development : insights from the introduction of low cost water well drilling technology to Uganda

Third World development theory and practice are changing so rapidly that it is important to critically examine the fashions of today before they become history. This thesis considers the development, transfer, early adoption and sustainable use of technology, coupled with private sector participation in rural water supply provision. Improving water supplies for rural communities is one of the key challenges faced by development interventionists today. Lack of low cost, off the shelf technology for local enterprise which can provide affordable shallow wells for rural communities is one barrier to facilitating improvements. This thesis is based on research undertaken in Uganda to develop and transfer low cost water drilling technology in the context of decentralisation and privatisation policies. An extensive range of literature has been drawn together into 16 principles which guide technology transfer and development intervention. These principles are reexamined in the light of analysis of first hand experiences of undertaking a technology transfer project and interviews with stakeholders regarding their attitudes and perceptions. The research found that technology transfer is a cross-disciplinary and cross cultural process in which the linkages between the technology, context, individuals, organisations and beneficiaries need to be firmly established. Ugandan business and local Government culture plays a major role in facilitating successful technology uptake. Dealing with the risks associated with low cost groundwater technology is fundamental for its wider adoption. The process of technology transfer is important, particularly as high levels of stakeholder participation may compromise the delivery of outputs, at least in the short term. In terms of future challenges, this thesis shows that, culture, governance and equity need to be closely examined in relation to private sector participation in rural infrastructure provision. Private sector participation can conflict with community participation. How to adequately support innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa while harmonising development interventions is a challenge to the development community.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Culture's influence : towards understanding stakeholder interactions in rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects

Variations frequently occur between the intended and actual outcomes of rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects, even projects that exhibit best practice. As a result, the intended impact of poverty reduction through sustained health improvements is diminished. This thesis establishes that inadequate consideration of culture in interactions between and within project stakeholders is a major reason for these unintended project outcomes. Aspects of individual and group behaviour that are influenced by culture are examined, and an initial conceptual framework of established cultural dimensions developed. This framework is then applied to a broad variety of stakeholder groups: seven end user groups and two implementing agencies in Ethiopia and Uganda; national Governments and international donor organisations. As a result, two new cultural dimensions are proposed. Firstly, concern for public selfimage, defined as ‘the degree to which an individual expresses interest in how others perceive him/herself, and the manner in which the individual seeks to influence that perception’. Secondly, spirituality, defined as ‘the nature and degree of people’s beliefs and practices concerning the existence, nature, and worship of, and connectedness to God, a god, gods, or a greater spiritual whole, and involvement of the divine or greater spirit in the universe and human life’. Aspects of these dimensions that need to be measured are identified. Hierarchies of cultural dimensions are identified where a certain combination of individual or group orientations causes the suppression or even reversal of behaviour in a dimension. Modifications to established cultural dimensions are recommended, especially long-term orientation which the author proposes renaming to ‘resistance to change’. A multidisciplinary approach that reflects the complexities of group behaviour and converges research findings is recommended, including utilising software that simulates complex systems. Recommendations are made for development practitioners, especially to enhance participation, promote femininity and achieve lasting change through training.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo